Vitamins;These
are organic compounds we require in tiny amounts. An organic compound is any
molecule that contains carbon. It is called a vitamin when our bodies cannot
synthesize (produce) enough or any of it. So we have to obtain it from our
food. Vitamins are classified by what they do biologically - their biological
and chemical activity - and not their structure.
Vitamins are classified as water soluble (they can dissolve in water) or fat soluble (they can dissolve in fat). For humans there are 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) vitamins - a total of 13. Water soluble vitamins need to be consumed more regularly because they are eliminated faster and are not readily stored. Urinary output is a good predictor of water soluble vitamin consumption. Several water-soluble vitamins are manufactured by bacteria. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestines with the help of fats (lipids). They are more likely to accumulate in the body because they are harder to eliminate quickly. Excess levels of fat soluble vitamins are more likely than with water-soluble vitamins - this condition is called hypervitaminosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis need to have their levels of fat-soluble vitamins closely monitored.
We know that most vitamins have many different reactions, which means they have several different functions. Below is a list of vitamins, and some details we know about them:
Vitamins are classified as water soluble (they can dissolve in water) or fat soluble (they can dissolve in fat). For humans there are 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) vitamins - a total of 13. Water soluble vitamins need to be consumed more regularly because they are eliminated faster and are not readily stored. Urinary output is a good predictor of water soluble vitamin consumption. Several water-soluble vitamins are manufactured by bacteria. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestines with the help of fats (lipids). They are more likely to accumulate in the body because they are harder to eliminate quickly. Excess levels of fat soluble vitamins are more likely than with water-soluble vitamins - this condition is called hypervitaminosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis need to have their levels of fat-soluble vitamins closely monitored.
We know that most vitamins have many different reactions, which means they have several different functions. Below is a list of vitamins, and some details we know about them:
Vitamin A;chemical
names - retinol, retinoids and carotenoids.
Solubility - fat. Deficiency disease - Night-blindness. Overdose disease - Keratomalacia (degeneration of the cornea).
Solubility - fat. Deficiency disease - Night-blindness. Overdose disease - Keratomalacia (degeneration of the cornea).
Vitamin B1;chemical
name - thiamine. Solubility - water. Deficiency disease - beriberi,
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Overdose disease - rare hypersensitive reactions
resembling anaphylactic shock when overdose is due
to injection. Drowsiness.
Vitamin B2;chemical
name – riboflavin,Solubility - water
Deficiency disease - ariboflanisosis (mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vascularization of the cornea).
Overdose disease - no known complications. Excess is excreted in urine.
Deficiency disease - ariboflanisosis (mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vascularization of the cornea).
Overdose disease - no known complications. Excess is excreted in urine.
Vitamin B3;chemical
name - niacin. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - pellagra.
Overdose disease - liver damage, skin problems, and gastrointestinal complaints, plus other problems.
Deficiency disease - pellagra.
Overdose disease - liver damage, skin problems, and gastrointestinal complaints, plus other problems.
Vitamin B5;chemical
name -pantothenic acid. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent long-term physical effect). Overdose disease - none reported.
Deficiency disease - paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent long-term physical effect). Overdose disease - none reported.
Vitamin B6;chemical
name - pyridoxamine, pyridoxal. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - anemia, peripheral neuropathy.
Overdose disease - nerve damage, proprioception is impaired (ability to sense stimuli within your own body is undermined).
Deficiency disease - anemia, peripheral neuropathy.
Overdose disease - nerve damage, proprioception is impaired (ability to sense stimuli within your own body is undermined).
Vitamin B7;chemical
name - biotin. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - dermatitis, enteritis.Overdose disease - none reported.
Deficiency disease - dermatitis, enteritis.Overdose disease - none reported.
Vitamin B9;chemical
name - folinic acid. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - birth defects during pregnancy, such as neural tube.
Overdose disease - seizure threshold possibly diminished.
Deficiency disease - birth defects during pregnancy, such as neural tube.
Overdose disease - seizure threshold possibly diminished.
Vitamin B12;chemical
name - cyanocobalamin, hydroxycobalamin, methylcobalamin.
Solubility - water. Deficiency disease - megaloblastic anemia (red blood cells without nucleus).
Overdose disease - none reported.
Solubility - water. Deficiency disease - megaloblastic anemia (red blood cells without nucleus).
Overdose disease - none reported.
Vitamin C;chemical
name - ascorbic acid. Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - scurvy, which can lead to a large number of complications.
Overdose disease - vitamin C megadosage - diarrhea, nausea, skin irritation, burning upon urination, depletion of the mineral copper, and higher risk of kidney stones.
Deficiency disease - scurvy, which can lead to a large number of complications.
Overdose disease - vitamin C megadosage - diarrhea, nausea, skin irritation, burning upon urination, depletion of the mineral copper, and higher risk of kidney stones.
Vitamin D;chemical
name - ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol. Solubility - fat.
Deficiency disease - rickets, osteomalacia (softening of bone), recent studies indicate higher risk of some cancers. Overdose disease - hypervitaminosis D (headache, weakness, disturbed digestion, increased blood pressure, and tissue calcification).
Deficiency disease - rickets, osteomalacia (softening of bone), recent studies indicate higher risk of some cancers. Overdose disease - hypervitaminosis D (headache, weakness, disturbed digestion, increased blood pressure, and tissue calcification).
Vitamin E;chemical
name - tocotrienols. Solubility - fat.
Deficiency disease - very rare, may include hemolytic anemia in newborn babies.
Overdose disease - one study reported higher risk of congestive heart failure.
Vitamin
K;chemical
name - phylloquinone, menaquinones. Solubility - fat. Deficiency disease - very rare, may include hemolytic anemia in newborn babies.
Overdose disease - one study reported higher risk of congestive heart failure.
Deficiency disease - greater tendency to bleed.
Overdose disease - may undermine effects of warfarin
No comments:
Post a Comment